Chronic Heart Failure
Heart failure is a chronic clinical syndrome resulting from any structural or functional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricle to fill with or eject blood in the usual manner. The cardinal manifestations of heart failure are dyspnoea and fatigue which may limit exercise tolerance, and fluid retention which may lead to pulmonary congestion and peripheral oedema. . Initial laboratory evaluation of patients with heart failure should include CBC, urinalysis, S-electrolytes, BUN, S- creatinine, FBS, lipid profile, LFT and TSH. 12-lead ECG and chest x-ray (PA and lateral) should be performed in all patients presenting with heart failure. 2D-echocardiography with Doppler should be performed during initial evaluation of patients presenting with heart failure to assess LVEF, LV size, wall thickness and valve function. Coronary angiography should be considered in patients with heart failure who have angina or significant ischaemia unless the patient is not eligible for revascularization of any kind.
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