Cervical Cancer
Cancer of the cervix is the second-most common cancer in women worldwide and is a leading cause of cancer-related death in women in underdeveloped countries. Normal cervical cells may gradually undergo changes to become precancerous and then cancerous. Cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) is the term used to describe these abnormal changes. CIN may progress to squamous intra-epithelial lesion or to carcinoma in situ. SIL is also classified as low-grade or high-grade. High-grade SIL and carcinoma in situ may progress to invasive carcinoma. The cause of cervical cancer is unknown. Infection with two types of human papilloma virus (HPV), which is transmitted sexually, is strongly associated with cervical and vulvar cancer and is the primary risk factor. Evidence of HPV is found in nearly 80% of cervical carcinomas.HIV increases the likelihood that precancerous cells will progress to cancer. Diagnosis of cervical cancer includes a Papanicolaou test (Pap smear) and pelvic examination.
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